Knowledge base
Technical blog
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Selection guides, water chemistry basics and commissioning notes from the factory engineering team.
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Six pillar guides
Each pillar covers one decision area and links to the detailed sub-guides below.
| Topic | Guide | Read time |
|---|---|---|
| Water quality basics | TDS, Hardness and Iron: A Water Quality Guide | 9 min read |
| Commercial RO | Commercial RO System Guide: Design, Sizing, Operation | 10 min read |
| Softening & pretreatment | Softener, Sand & Carbon: Pretreatment Guide | 9 min read |
| Drinking water & disinfection | Drinking Water UV and Ozone: Complete Guide | 9 min read |
| Sizing by venue | Sizing Water Filters for Hotels, Restaurants and Offices | 9 min read |
| Turnkey & certification | Containerized Water Plant: Scope, Testing and Certification | 10 min read |
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01 Water quality basics TDS, Hardness and Iron: A Water Quality Guide TDS, hardness and iron measure different things. See the water thresholds that decide softening, iron removal and RO, and the right test order. 9 min read -
02 Commercial RO Commercial RO System Guide: Design, Sizing, Operation How commercial RO systems work, which CK-RO model fits, what feed water they need, and how to size, run and maintain a commercial 0.5–50 m³/h plant. 10 min read -
03 Softening & pretreatment Softener, Sand & Carbon: Pretreatment Guide How sand filters, activated carbon and softeners work together before RO, with hardness thresholds, CK-SF capacities and media replacement rules. 9 min read -
04 Drinking water & disinfection Drinking Water UV and Ozone: Complete Guide How a drinking water train uses pretreatment, RO, remineralisation, storage and UV or ozone, with doses, CT values and local testing requirements. 9 min read - 05 Sizing by venue Sizing Water Filters for Hotels, Restaurants and Offices Size hotel, restaurant and office filters from daily demand and peak flow, using 250–400 L per room, 15–30 L per seat and 10–20 L per person, with examples. 9 min read
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06 Turnkey & certification Containerized Water Plant: Scope, Testing and Certification Containerized plants from 4–25 m³/h in 20- and 40-foot containers: factory testing, site connections, turnkey scope and CE, ISO 9001 and patent documents. 10 min read
01
Water quality basics
- TDS vs Hardness: What the Numbers Really Mean TDS and hardness both read in mg/L but measure different things. Convert one to the other, interpret soft and hard water, and choose the right treatment. 8 min read
- Iron and Manganese in Well Water: Removal Guide Iron above 0.3 mg/L stains; manganese above 0.05 mg/L turns water black. Compare aeration, chlorine and ozone, then size the filter and backwash. 9 min read
- SDI and Turbidity: Setting RO Feed Water Limits SDI predicts colloidal fouling; turbidity does not. Learn the 15-minute test, the limits membranes need, and which pretreatment actually lowers SDI. 8 min read
02
Commercial RO
- RO Recovery Rate: Balancing Yield and Scaling Recovery decides how much water an RO makes and how concentrated the brine becomes. See the 50–75% range, concentration factors and ways to raise yield safely. 8 min read
- RO Pretreatment: What Membranes Need Before the Pump Scaling, fouling, chlorine and bacteria decide membrane life. Match pretreatment to the feed analysis, size carbon and media beds, and set monitoring limits. 9 min read
- RO Membrane Life: Fouling, Cleaning and Replacement Why RO membranes last two to three years, how normalisation reveals fouling, which CIP chemistry fits which foulant, and when replacement beats cleaning. 9 min read
03
Softening & pretreatment
- Water Hardness Levels: ppm, gpg and Softener Choice Hardness bands in ppm, gpg and °dH, what each level does to heaters and RO membranes, and when a softener is worth installing for your building. 8 min read
- Sand Filter Backwash: When, How Fast, How Long Backwash triggers, bed expansion, flow rates and rinse steps for sand and multimedia filters, with worked 10–30 m³/h examples and a rinse sequence. 8 min read
- When to Change Activated Carbon Filter Media Chlorine breakthrough, pressure drop, iodine value and UV254: how to tell when activated carbon is exhausted and how to replace it safely on site. 8 min read
04
Drinking water & disinfection
- UV Dose Explained: mJ/cm², UVT and Lamp Life What UV dose means, how mJ/cm² is calculated, why UVT and turbidity change the real dose, and how to size a reactor at end of lamp life on site. 8 min read
- Ozone vs UV for Drinking Water Disinfection Compare ozone and UV for drinking water: dose and CT, residual protection, colour and iron removal, by-products, and how to choose for your site. 8 min read
- Drinking Water Standards and Testing: What to Check Which drinking water parameters to test, how local limits and WHO guidelines differ, and how to prove a treatment system produces compliant water. 8 min read
05
Sizing by venue
- Hotel Water Demand: Litres per Room per Day Hotel water demand planning: 250–400 L per room per day, where the water goes, and a 120-room example for sizing softeners, storage and drinking-water RO. 8 min read
- Restaurant Water Filter Sizing by Seats and Peak Flow Restaurant filter sizing: 15–30 L per seat per day, a 90-seat example, and how to split ice, coffee, dishwashing and steam loads by peak flow. 8 min read
- School Drinking Water: Sizing by Students and Breaks School drinking water sizing: 10–20 L per student per day, break-time storage, and an 800-student worked example for RO, tank and fountain capacity. 8 min read
06
Turnkey & certification
- Containerized vs Site-Built Water Treatment Plant Compare containerized and site-built water treatment plants on schedule, civil works, quality control, relocation and capacity, with a decision checklist. 8 min read
- Turnkey Water Treatment Plant: Scope and Handover Turnkey water treatment scope: design, manufacturing, factory testing, shipping, installation, commissioning, training and clear site interfaces. 9 min read
- What CE, ISO 9001 and Patents Actually Cover CE marking, ISO 9001, high-tech status and patents cover different things. Learn what each document proves, what it does not, and what to request in a tender. 9 min read
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
Questions buyers actually ask during sizing and quotation. Answers match the specifications above.
01 Are the articles written for commercial projects or home use?
Commercial and industrial projects — hotels, restaurants, offices, schools, hospitals, food and beverage plants and light industry. Home pitchers and under-sink filters are out of scope.
02 Which guide should I read first?
Start with the water quality basics or the sizing guides, then read the technology page for the process you are considering: RO, softening, sand or carbon filtration, UV or ozone.
03 Can I use these articles as a specification for tender documents?
Use them as a technical starting point. Final specifications must be confirmed against your water analysis, local code and the manufacturer datasheet for the selected model.
04 Do the articles cover prices?
No fixed prices are published. Commercial systems are quoted against flow rate, feed water, pretreatment, materials and scope; the price guide explains the cost drivers.
05 How often is the blog updated?
Articles are reviewed when standards, products or application notes change; each article shows its publication and update date.
Next step
Send your water analysis, get a factory quotation
Tell us the source water, TDS, hardness, iron and daily demand. Factory engineers reply with a flow rate, process train and budget range within one working day.